Document Type
Article
Publication Date
10-15-2002
Abstract
Basal extracellular glutamate sampled in vivo is present in micromolar concentrations in the extracellular space outside the synaptic cleft, and neither the origin nor the function of this glutamate is known. This report reveals that blockade of glutamate release from the cystine–glutamate antiporter produced a significant decrease (60%) in extrasynaptic glutamate levels in the rat striatum, whereas blockade of voltage-dependent Na and Ca2 channels produced relatively minimal changes (0– 30%). This indicates that the primary origin of in vivo extrasynaptic glutamate in the striatum arises from nonvesicular glutamate release by the cystine–glutamate antiporter. By measuring [ 35S]cystine uptake, it was shown that similar to vesicular release, the activity of the cystine–glutamate antiporter is negatively regulated by group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) via a cAMP-dependent protein kinase mechanism. Extracellular glutamate derived from the antiporter was shown to regulate extracellular levels of glutamate and dopamine. Infusion of the mGluR2/3 antagonist (RS)-1-amino-5- phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic acid (APICA) increased extracellular glutamate levels, and previous blockade of the antiporter prevented the APICA-induced rise in extracellular glutamate. This suggests that glutamate released from the antiporter is a source of endogenous tone on mGluR2/3. Blockade of the antiporter also produced an increase in extracellular dopamine that was reversed by infusing the mGluR2/3 agonist (2R,4R)-4- aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxlylate, indicating that antiporterderived glutamate can modulate dopamine transmission via mGluR2/3 heteroreceptors. These results suggest that nonvesicular release from the cystine–glutamate antiporter is the primary source of in vivo extracellular glutamate and that this glutamate can modulate both glutamate and dopamine transmission. Key words: microdialysis;glutamate;cystine;striatum;nonvesicular;cystine–glutamate antiporter;system xc.
Recommended Citation
Baker, David A.; Xi, Zheng-Xiong; Shen, Hui; Swanson, Chad J.; and Kalivas, Peter W., "Origin and Neuronal Function of in Vivo Nonsynaptic Glutamate" (2002). MUSC Faculty Journal Articles. 1.
https://medica-musc.researchcommons.org/facarticles/1
Comments
Article written by researchers from the Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina. Published in The Journal of Neuroscience, October 15, 2002, volume 22, number 20, pages 9134-9141. Includes abstract, references, and diagrams.